Variable

Whole subjects N =85

Frail group N = 37

Pre-frail group N = 23

Control group, N = 25

P value

Age (mean ± SD)

68.2 ± 6.95

70.35 ± 8.02

68.30 ± 6.10

64.8 ± 4.78

0.010

Gender (male), N (%)

41 (48.2%)

15 (40.5%)

12 (52.2%)

14 (56%)

0.44

Current smoking, N (%)

27 (31.8%)

7 (18.9%)

11 (47.8%)

9 (36.0%)

0.056

Illiterate, N (%)

22 (25.9%)

11 (29.7%)

4 (17.4%)

7 (28%)

0.55

Depression, N (%)

11 (12.9%)

2 (5.4%)

6 (26.1%)

3 (12%)

0.07

HTN, N (%)

38 (44.7%)

19 (51.4%)

14 (60.9%)

5 (20%)

0.010

ADL score (mean ± SD)

4.9 ± 1.5

3.8 ± 1.4

5.3 ± 1.3

6 ± 0.0

< 0.001

IADL score (mean ± SD)

5 ± 2.5

3.2 ± 1.8

5 ± 1.8

7.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001

MMSE (mean ± SD)

26.81 ± 3

25.76 ± 1.88

27.74 ± 1.61

27.2 ± 4.25

0.223

BD (mean ± SD)

4.21 ± 4.19

2.81 ± 3.64

3.91 ± 3.50

5.63 ± 4.75

0.351

CP (mean ± SD)

7.60 ± 1.89

6.92 ± 2.1

7.91 ± 1.68

7.97 ± 1.52

0.006

DSF (mean ± SD)

4.62 ± 1.08

4.22 ± 1.58

4.78 ± 0.85

5.0 ± 1.02

0.007

DSB (mean ± SD)

2.08 ± 1.47

1.46 ± 1.30

2.43 ± 1.34

2.53 ± 1.57

0.042

VF (mean ± SD)

7.25 ± 2.78

6.30 ± 2.15

7.56 ± 3.16

7.73 ± 2.98

0.015

HOMA-IR (mean ± SD)

2.16 ± 1.19

2.62 ± 1.27

2.26 ± 1.24

1.6 ± 0.8

0.003

IGF-1 (ng/mL) (mean ± SD)

68.79 ± 26.55

56.81 ± 20.59

74.00 ± 30.82

83.20 ± 22.06

0.003

CRP (mg/L) (mean ± SD)

10.40 ± 6.26

11.86 ± 5.61

11.74 ± 6.53

6.93 ± 5.32

< 0.001

HbA1c (%) (mean ± SD)

6.68 ± 1.42

7.05 ± 1.48

7.26 ± 1.41

5.89 ± 0.94

< 0.001

FBS (mg/dL) (mean ± SD)

112.64 ± 22.92

120.57 ± 23.41

118.04 ± 22.85

95.92 ± 11.03

< 0.001

Insulin (μIU/mL) (mean ± SD)

7.7398 ± 3.79

8.73 ± 3.74

8.20 ± 4.71

6.20 ± 2.49

0.123