Variable | Whole subjects N =85 | Frail group N = 37 | Pre-frail group N = 23 | Control group, N = 25 | P value |
Age (mean ± SD) | 68.2 ± 6.95 | 70.35 ± 8.02 | 68.30 ± 6.10 | 64.8 ± 4.78 | 0.010 |
Gender (male), N (%) | 41 (48.2%) | 15 (40.5%) | 12 (52.2%) | 14 (56%) | 0.44 |
Current smoking, N (%) | 27 (31.8%) | 7 (18.9%) | 11 (47.8%) | 9 (36.0%) | 0.056 |
Illiterate, N (%) | 22 (25.9%) | 11 (29.7%) | 4 (17.4%) | 7 (28%) | 0.55 |
Depression, N (%) | 11 (12.9%) | 2 (5.4%) | 6 (26.1%) | 3 (12%) | 0.07 |
HTN, N (%) | 38 (44.7%) | 19 (51.4%) | 14 (60.9%) | 5 (20%) | 0.010 |
ADL score (mean ± SD) | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 6 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
IADL score (mean ± SD) | 5 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 5 ± 1.8 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
MMSE (mean ± SD) | 26.81 ± 3 | 25.76 ± 1.88 | 27.74 ± 1.61 | 27.2 ± 4.25 | 0.223 |
BD (mean ± SD) | 4.21 ± 4.19 | 2.81 ± 3.64 | 3.91 ± 3.50 | 5.63 ± 4.75 | 0.351 |
CP (mean ± SD) | 7.60 ± 1.89 | 6.92 ± 2.1 | 7.91 ± 1.68 | 7.97 ± 1.52 | 0.006 |
DSF (mean ± SD) | 4.62 ± 1.08 | 4.22 ± 1.58 | 4.78 ± 0.85 | 5.0 ± 1.02 | 0.007 |
DSB (mean ± SD) | 2.08 ± 1.47 | 1.46 ± 1.30 | 2.43 ± 1.34 | 2.53 ± 1.57 | 0.042 |
VF (mean ± SD) | 7.25 ± 2.78 | 6.30 ± 2.15 | 7.56 ± 3.16 | 7.73 ± 2.98 | 0.015 |
HOMA-IR (mean ± SD) | 2.16 ± 1.19 | 2.62 ± 1.27 | 2.26 ± 1.24 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.003 |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) (mean ± SD) | 68.79 ± 26.55 | 56.81 ± 20.59 | 74.00 ± 30.82 | 83.20 ± 22.06 | 0.003 |
CRP (mg/L) (mean ± SD) | 10.40 ± 6.26 | 11.86 ± 5.61 | 11.74 ± 6.53 | 6.93 ± 5.32 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) (mean ± SD) | 6.68 ± 1.42 | 7.05 ± 1.48 | 7.26 ± 1.41 | 5.89 ± 0.94 | < 0.001 |
FBS (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 112.64 ± 22.92 | 120.57 ± 23.41 | 118.04 ± 22.85 | 95.92 ± 11.03 | < 0.001 |
Insulin (μIU/mL) (mean ± SD) | 7.7398 ± 3.79 | 8.73 ± 3.74 | 8.20 ± 4.71 | 6.20 ± 2.49 | 0.123 |